Le sport est un ensemble d’exercices physiques ou mentaux se pratiquant sous forme de jeux individuels ou collectifs pouvant donner lieu à des compétitions. Le sport est un phénomène quasi universel dans le temps et dans l’espace humain. La Grèce antique, la Rome antique, Byzance, l’Occident médiéval puis moderne, mais aussi l’Amérique précolombienne ou l’Asie, sont tous marqués par l’importance du sport. Certaines périodes sont surtout marquées par des interdits.
Définitions
Le terme de « sport » a pour racine le mot de vieux français desport qui signifie « divertissement, plaisir physique ou de l’esprit »1. En traversant la Manche, desport se mue en « sport » et évacue de son champ la notion générale de loisirs pour se concentrer sur les seules activités physiques et mentales. La langue allemande admet aussi le terme « sport » et sa définition anglaise en 1831 ; la France en fait usage pour la première fois dès 18282. La frontière entre jeux et sports n’est pourtant pas très claire. La Fédération française des échecs fondée en 1921 reçoit ainsi un agrément sportif du Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports en 2000, mais uniquement parce qu’elle était une fédération « associée » au CNOSF3. Certaines pratiques traditionnelles posent également problème : sport ou jeu ? La question reste encore ouverte.
Le sport moderne se définit par quatre éléments indispensables :
La mise en œuvre d’une ou plusieurs qualités physiques : activités d’endurance, de résistance, de force, de coordination, d’adresse, de souplesse, etc.[réf. nécessaire]
Une activité institutionnalisée, ses règles tendent à être identiques pour l’ensemble de la planète
Une pratique majoritairement orientée vers la compétition
Une pratique fédérée (sous la tutelle d’une fédération sportive)
Ces piliers qui mettent surtout en avant l’organisation des différentes disciplines sportives n’excluent nullement les pratiques comme le sport-loisir, le sport-aventure, le sport-santé, le sport scolaire ou l’éducation physique et sportive. Si la compétition est prédominante, il existe toutefois d’autres formes de pratique mettant plutôt en avant le plaisir, la santé, l’éducation ou l’épanouissement4.
Le Conseil de l’Europe propose ainsi la définition suivante dans sa “Charte européenne du sport” (Article 2.1) (2001): “On entend par “sport” toutes formes d’activités physiques qui, à travers une participation organisée ou non, ont pour objectif l’expression ou l’amélioration de la condition physique et psychique, le développement des relations sociales ou l’obtention de résultats en compétition de tous niveaux.”5.
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