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[box type=”note” align=”” class=”” width=”240px”]اسم الكتاب: كتاب البخلاء مجاله: أدبي اجتماعي مؤلف الكتاب: الجاحظ [/box]
كتاب البخلاء يعتبر احد أهم الكتب التي نالت قيمة أدبية جد هامة بين أمهات كتب الأدب العربي
هو أبو عثمان عمرو بن بحر الكناني الملقب بالجاحظ وذلك لجحوظ عينيه ،لم يعرف تاريخ ميلاده بالضبط فقد عاش حوالي 96سنة،وبما انه ابن البصرة فقد عاش حياة مليئة بالعلوم المختلفة وكون نفسه من جميع النواحي ولم يكتف عند حد علوم ا للغة ووالكلام والبلاغة فقط بل كان موسوعة علمية وثقافية في حد ذاته .
كيف لايكون كذلك وهو الذي تعلم على ايدي اشهر علماء البصرة واهمهم:
الاخفش
ابو عبيدة
الاصمعي
واخذ منهم اثمن العلوم وسار على خطى الاكتساب والتعلم اللامتناهي.
اهم مؤلفاته:
الحيوان
البيان والتبيين
البخلاء
كتاب البخلاء
من أنفع مؤلّفات الجاحظ، اتّسم هذا الكتاب بروح ظلّ الكاتب الخفيفة التي تُنعش الأرواح، فهو كتاب فُكاهيّ بطابع أدبيّ علميّ. أسبغ في وصف الحياة الاجتماعيّة في زمن العصر العباسيّ، فتطرّق إلى أسرار البيوت ودخائِلها وشؤونهم الخاصّة والعامة، وأسهب في وصف أحوال الأُسَر وعاداتهم بأسلوب شيّق ومُعبّر ودقيق تظهر فيه جزالة الألفاظ، وبراعته وتميُّزه في صياغة الجُمل عن الآخرين
تعريف بمحتوى الكتاب:
أشار الجاحظ في مُقدّمة كتاب البخلاء أنّه ألّف كتابه هذا إلى أحد عظماء الدّولة ولكنّه لم يذكُر اسمه، ولكن على الأغلب أنّه تمّ تأليفه إلى ابن المُدبر الذي كان صديقاً قريباً للجاحظ، أو إلى الفتح بن خاقان الذي كان مُعجباً جدّاً بكتابات الجاحظ، وكان يُشجعه دائماً على التّأليف، أو إلى محمد بن عبد الملك الزيّات الذي كان تربطه صلة وثيقة بالجاحظ.
يعد هذا الكتاب صورة عاكسة للعصر الذي نشأ فيه وهو العصر العباسي اذ نجد ان المؤلف قد تطرق الى الحديث عن الحياة الحضارية لذاك العصر وسماته كما تطرق الى قضية مهمة وهي البخل في ذاك العصر اذ تحدث عن البخلاء وادرج لنا بعض النوادر عنهم فنجده في مرات عديدة يحارب هذه الظاهرة ويذمها ويريد القضاء على مروجيها
وفي مرات اخرى نجده يقف موقف مدعم لها من خلال حديثه عن فوائد البخل والتي منها الاقتصاد في صرف المال
-اضافة لهذا نجد ان ا لكتاب يحتوي على ايات واحاديث شريفة وامثلة واحكام وعبر واشعار استعملها الجاحظ للنصح والارشاد
النقد و التحليل الخاص:
1-كتاب البخلاء هو لمحة عن الحقبة التي عاشها العصر العباسي والتي عالجها الجاحظ بطريقة هزلية تريح النفوس وتبعث فيها البشاشة
بعيدا عن الملل والخمول
2-اضاف الى جو الفكاهة جوا منطقيا فلسفيا من خلال ادخاله لعنصر المناظرات والحجاج اذن فهو قد استعمل عنصرين مهمين هما:
الحجاج والقصص وهما معا يشكلان البيان وهو ماتميز به الجاحظ
الرأي الشخصي:
كتاب رائع في مجمله
ثمين ولايخلو من الفكاهة التي تريح النفس وتضيف نوعا من الراحة اثناء المطالعة وعلى كلام الجاحظ نختم الكلام:
فالجاحظ يقول: (البيان هو الدلالة الظاهرة عن المعنى الخفي)
كتاب البخلاء، وهو كتاب أدب وعلم وفكاهة. وهو من أنفس الكتب التي يتنافس فيها الأدباء والمؤرخون. فلا نعرف كتابا يفوقه للجاحظ، ظهرت فيه روحه الخفيفة تهز الأرواح، وتجتذب النفوس. تجلى فيه أسلوبه الفياض، وبيانه الجزل الرصين، وقدرته النادرة، على الصياغة النادرة، في أوضح بيان، وأدق تعبير، وأبرع وصف. ولا نعرف كتابا غيره للجاحظ أو لغيره، وصف الحياة الاجتماعية في صدر الدولة العباسية كما وصف: فقد أطلعنا على أسرار الأسر، ودخائل المنازل، وأسمعنا حديث القوم في شؤونهم الخاصة والعامة، وكشف لنا عن كثير من عاداتهم وصفاتهم وأحوالهم.
وقد كان الذي يغلب على الظن أن يكون الجاحظ قد كتب (كتاب البخلاء) وهو في سن الشباب، وإبان الفتوة، لأن هذه السن في الغالب سن العبث والسخرية، والتندر والدعابة، والتفكه بعيوب الناس. ولكننا نقرأ في كتاب البخلاء من الأخبار ما يحملنا على أنه كتب الكتاب أو جمعه وهو هرم، يحمل فوق كتفيه أعباء السنين.
والجاحظ يشير في طليعة كتاب البخلاء أنه قدمه إلى عظيم من عظماء الدولة، ولكنه لم يبح باسمه. وإننا نرجح أن يكون الكتاب كتب لواحد من ثلاثة، هم: محمد بن عبد الملك الزيات، وزير المعتصم والواثق، لما كان بينه وبين الجاحظ من وثيق الصلة، والفتح بن خاقان وزير المتوكل، لما أثر عن الفتح من الإعجاب بكتب الجاحظ، وحثه على التأليف في مختلف الشؤون، وابن المدبر، وقد كان للجاحظ صديقا حميما.
وقد صور الجاحظ في كتابه البخلاء الذين قابلهم وتعرفهم في بيئته الخاصة خاصة في بلدة مرو عاصمة خراسان، وقد صور الجاحظ البخلاء تصويراً واقعياً حسياً نفسياً فكاهياً، فأبرز لنا حركاتهم ونظراتهم القلقة أو المطمئنة ونزواتهم النفسية، وفضح أسرارهم وخفايا منازلهم وأطلعنا على مختلف أحاديثهم، وأرانا نفسياتهم وأحوالهم جميعاً، ولكنه لا يكرهنا بهم لأنه لا يترك لهم أثراً سيئاً في نفوسنا. قصص الكتاب مواقف هزلية تربوية قصيرة والكتاب دراسة اجتماعية تربوية نفسية اقتصادية لهذا الصنف من الناس وهم البخلاء.
لكتاب البخلاء أهمية علمية حيث يكشف لنا عن نفوس البشر وطبائعهم وسلوكهم علاوة على احتوائه على العديد من أسماء الأعلام والمشاهير والمغمورين وكذلك أسماء البلدان والأماكن وصفات أهلها والعديد من أبيات الشعر والأحاديث والآثار فالكتاب موسوعة علمية أدبية اجتماعية جغرافية تاريخية.
[box type=”note” align=”” class=”” width=””]المؤلف : أبوعثمان عمرو بن بحر الجاحظ المحقق :محمد علي أبو العباس اللغة : اللغة العربية النوع الأدبي : أدب ساخر الناشر: دار الطلائع للنشر والتوزيع والتصوير تاريخ النشر الأصلي: 1999 [/box]
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