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علاقة الجزائر بالدولة العثمانية
ما بين الجزائر والدولة العثمانية.. علاقة السيد بالسيد!!
لم يكن التدخل العثماني في المغرب العربي امراً متوقعاً، ولم يكن يدور في أروقة الدولة العثمانية نفسها ذلك الأمر، بل حكمت الظروف السائدة في المغرب العربي بعد غزوات الأسبان المتكررة على سواحلها، وظهور عرّوج للدفاع عنها، وانقاذ المسلمين من سيطرتيم حتى وفاته، وتسلم أخوه خير الدين والملقب (بربروس) السلطة من بعده، وطلب من السلطان العثماني سليم الأول الانضواء تحت حكمه نتيجة مبادرة اشترك فيها أهل الجزائر، كرد فعل منهما على التدخل الاسباني، وبعد استتاب الأمر وتوحيد الجزائر تحت مسمى واحد، أصبحت الجزائر تحكم كدولة كبرى شأنها شأن أية دولة أخرى وأخذ حكامها على امتداد مراحل الحكم حتى عهد الدايات يطورون عمل أجهزتها الإدارية، والمؤسساتية، واستكمال متطلبات الدولة الاقتصادية، والاجتماعية وتنظيمهما حسب الشريعة الإسلامية دون التدخل بالنسيج الاجتماعي أو اللحمة المغاربية.
بدأت العلاقات الجزائرية العثمانية بالإنحسار تدريجيا بعد أن فقدت الأخيرة عدداً من الأراضي لروسيا والنمسا، وتزامن مع فترة حكم الدايات 1671 – 1830، ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ تقديم ضرﻭﺏ الولاء والطاعة للسلطان العثماني باعتباره خليفة المسلمين وتبادل الهدايا وارسال الإعانات وجلب المتطوعين الأتراك للعمل في الجيش الإنكشاري لمساعدتهم على إدارة دفة الحكم دون تدخل الدولة العثمانية مباشرة في حكم الجزائر، إذ ان الاتفاقات الرسمية بين الجزائر والدول الأوربية كانت تُجرى باسم الحكام الجزائريين وليس باسم السلطان العثماني وهو ما ولد وضعاً دولياً خطيراً كانت نتائجه سلبية على الجزائر، ولاسيما بينها وبين فرنسا التي انتهت باحتلال فرنسا الجزائر في 5 تموز 1830.
يقول الدكتور محمد الزبيري “ﻭﻟﻤﺎ كان عهد الدايات أصبحت العلاقة بين الجزائر والباب العالي علاقة السيد بالسيد فكانت الجزائر كلما تريد تعيين داي جديد تبعث الى عاصمة الخلافة العثمانية اسطنبول رسولا يأتي بالفرمان وتبعث معه هدية وأن ثمن هذه الهدية لا يتجاوز 250 قنطار من القمح وبالمقابل يقدم الباب العالي للإيالة في كل مرة مساعدة من العتاد الحربي والمراكب الجاهزة..”
وهناك موقف يدل على قوة إيالة الجزائر؛ أن الدولة العثمانية كانت قد اصدرت فرمانا أمرت كلاً من تونس وطرابلس الغرب والجزائر بمهاجمة السفن الفرنسية رداً على الحملة الفرنسية على مصر عام 1798م، وقد استجابت كل من تونس وطرابلس الغرب أما الجزائر فإنها لم تستجب لأنها قد وقعت معاهدة مع فرنسا، ويكشف هذا المسلك عن قوة إيالة الجزائر الى الحد الذي جعلها تتمرد أحياناً على أوامر السلطان العثماني. ولكن المساعي البريطانية المعادية لفرنسا نجحت في جعل السلطان العثماني يصدر فرماناً ثانياً ويكرر طلبه للجزائر.
وفي عام 1800م بعد توقيع المعاهدة الجزائرية الأمريكية ارسل داي الجزائر وفدا على ظهر سفينة أمريكية الى اسطنبول محملا بالهدايا الى السلطان سليم الثالث وكان يهدف من وراء ذلك استرضاؤه، وإيضاح الأسباب التي دفعت الداي الى عقد معاهدة مع فرنسا، وفي عام 1801م عادت السفينة الأمريكية إلى الجزائر ولكن بدون الوفد فقد أمر السلطان سليم بالتحفظ عليه حتى تطيع الجزائر الفرمان، وتهاجم السفن الفرنسية، وعندئذ امتثلت الجزائر لأوامر السلطان، وأعلنت الحرب على فرنسا رغم المعاهدة التي عقدتها معها.
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